A at,on
用at来表示在某一时刻:
at dawn在黎明
at six在6点钟
at midnight在午夜
at 4∶30在4点30分
用at来表示在岁时:
at sixteen/at the age of sixteen 16岁的时候
She got married at seventeen.
她17岁结婚。
用on来表示在星期几/某日:
on Monday在星期一
on 4 June在 6月 4日
on Christmas Day在圣诞那一天
但以下的状况例外:
at night在晚上
at Christmas在圣诞期间(不只当天)
at Easter在复活节期间(不只当天)
on the morning/afternoon/evening/night of a certain date在某一具体日期的早上/下午/傍晚/夜里
We arrived on the morning of the sixth.
大家在6号早上到达。
当然也可以说:
this/next Monday在这个/下个星期一
any Monday在任何一个星期一
one Monday在某个星期一
B by,before
by a time/date/period=at that time or before/not later than that date
在那一时刻或在那1日期或不迟于那1日期
这种表示办法常暗指在那一时刻或日期之前:
The train starts at 6∶10,so you had better be at the station by 6∶10.
火车6点10分发车,所以你最好在6点10分之前到达火车站。
by+a time常常和完成时态连用,特别与以后完成时态连用(参见第216节):
By the end of July Ill have read all those books.
到7月底我将已把那些书全读完了。
before可作介词、连词或副词:
Before signing this
在签署这个之前(介词)
Before you sign this
在你签署这个之前(连词)
Ive seen him somewhere before.
我以前在什么地方见到过他。(副词)
(参见第195节B与第342节。)
C on time,in time,in good time
on time(按时,按时,既不在此时以前也不迟于此时):
The 8∶15 train started on time.
8点15分的火车按时发车。等于:
It started at 8∶15.
火车在点15分正点发车。
in time/in time for(+名词)(准时,不迟于);in good time (for)(留有充足的时间):
Passengers should be in time for their train.
旅客们要乘坐火车时应当早点到。
I arrived at the concert hall in good time(for the concert).
我准时到达了音乐厅。(或许音乐会7点半开始,而我在7点15分就到了)。
D on arrival,on arriving,on reaching,on getting to
On arrival/on arriving,he等于:
When he arrives/arrived,he
在他到达时,他
同理,on也可以与其他某些动词(主如果表示交流思想的动词)连用:
On checking,she found that some of the party didnt know the way.
经核查,她发现这一组人中有的不认得路。
On hearing/Hearing that the plane had been perted,they left the air- port.
一听到飞机已经改飞别的机场,他们就离开了机场。
后面一句中的on可以省略。(参见第277节。)
E at the beginning/end,in the beginning/end,at first/at lastat the beginning(of)(在的开头)/at the end(of)(在的最后,照其字面的意思表示在开头/最后):
At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.
在一本书的开头常常有个目录。
At the end there may be an index1.
结尾处可能有索引。
in the beginning/at first(=in the early stages在当初/刚开始)暗示着将来有所变化。
In the beginning/At first we used hand tools.Later we had machines.
当初/刚开始大家用手工工具,后来大家有了机器。
in the end/at last(=eventually/after some time最后/终于/后来):
At first he opposed2 the marriage,but in the end he gave his consent3.
刚开始他反对这桩婚事,但最后还是赞同了。